Development and Optimization of an Arduino-based Aeroponics System with Automated pH Level Monitoring for Sustainable Crop Cultivation

Abstract

To achieve sustainable agriculture goals, efficient resource management and the adoption of precision agriculture techniques are essential for optimizing crop productivity. Aeroponics, a soilless cultivation method that suspends plant roots in an oxygen-rich mist, offers a high-efficiency alternative to traditional farming by significantly reducing water and nutrient waste. However, maintaining chemical stability in recirculating systems is a persistent challenge, as pH fluctuations can lead to nutrient lockout and physiological stress. This study presents the design and empirical validation of an automated pH control system utilizing an Arduino microcontroller (ATmega328P) to regulate nutrient solutions (Nugroho et al., 2019;). The system integrates a PH-4502C sensor module and a proportional threshold-based algorithm to maintain the root-zone environment within an optimal range of 6.0–6.5 (Sulaiman et al., 2025). A 30-day longitudinal study demonstrated that automated regulation achieves superior pH stability and significantly higher biomass accumulation compared to manual adjustment protocols. These results highlight the efficacy of low-cost, sensor-driven informatics in advancing high-precision, sustainable food production systems.