The Interdependence of Cloud Computing and Artificial Intelligence in the Digitalisation of SMEs in the European Union

Abstract

Digitalisation is the most significant shaping factor of today's economy, creating new opportunities and challenges, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This study aims to explore the extent and structural differences in how SMEs in the European Union use cloud computing and artificial intelligence (AI) services, and how these two technologies are interconnected in terms of digital maturity and competitiveness.

The research is based on Eurostat data from 2018 to 2024, applying a descriptive statistical approach. According to the results, cloud computing is the foundation for the digitalisation of SMEs: in 2024, 41.7% of small companies, 59% of medium-sized companies, and 77.6% of large companies utilised cloud services. However, the use of AI is more limited, with 11.2% of small companies, 21% of medium-sized companies, and 41.2% of large companies having adopted AI-based solutions. The data indicate a strong complementary relationship between the two technologies: cloud infrastructure provides the data and computational conditions necessary for AI to operate. At the same time, AI enhances the business value of cloud use by evaluating and automating data.

At the sectoral level, the information and communication technology (ICT) sector, along with other knowledge-intensive services, is at the forefront of both technologies. At the same time, the manufacturing and construction industries continue to lag significantly. At the regional level, the high adoption rates in Northern and Western European countries stand in stark contrast to those in Eastern and Southern Europe, where technological infrastructure, digital competencies, and investment opportunities are more limited.

The study concludes that cloud and AI technologies are not only complementary but also form the basis of digital development for SMEs. The success of digitalisation is also a result of organisational and cultural adaptation. The long-term competitiveness of SMEs depends on their ability to integrate these technologies into their operations with a strategic approach and conscious innovation.